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Is the word regime the same in Brazilian and European Portuguese?

No

While the fundamental meanings of "regime" (a system of government or a set of rules/regulations) are identical in both Brazilian and Continental Portuguese, there is a difference in typical usage regarding health and nutrition. In Brazilian Portuguese, "regime" is the standard, natural word used to refer to a weight-loss diet (e.g., "estou de regime"). In Continental Portuguese, while "regime alimentar" is used in formal or medical contexts, a person would more naturally use the word "dieta" to express the same idea.

Brazilian Portuguese

  1. Estou de regime para emagrecer. (I am on a diet to lose weight.)
  2. O regime de trabalho deles é muito flexível. (Their work regime is very flexible.)
  3. O país sofreu sob um regime ditatorial. (The country suffered under a dictatorial regime.)
  4. Ela segue um regime alimentar muito rigoroso. (She follows a very strict dietary regime.)
  5. O novo regime tributário será implementado em janeiro. (The new tax regime will be implemented in January.)

Continental Portuguese

  1. Estou de dieta para emagrecer. (I am on a diet to lose weight.)
  2. O regime de trabalho deles é muito flexível. (Their work regime is very flexible.)
  3. O país sofreu sob um regime ditatorial. (The country suffered under a dictatorial regime.)
  4. Ela segue uma dieta muito rigorosa. (She follows a very strict diet.)
  5. O novo regime tributário será implementado em janeiro. (The new tax regime will be implemented in January.)