Is the word quarteirão the same in Brazilian and European Portuguese?

No

While the literal meaning of "quarteirão" (a city block) is identical in both dialects, there is a difference in typical usage. In Brazil, while "quarteirão" is used and understood, the word "quadra" is a much more frequent and natural synonym used to refer to the same concept. In Portugal, "quarteirão" is the standard and most natural term for a city block, whereas "quadra" refers to something entirely different, such as a verse in a poem or a sports court.

Brazilian Portuguese (Typical Usage)

1. Eu moro na próxima quadra. (I live in the next block.)
2. O posto de gasolina fica a um quarteirão daqui. (The gas station is one block from here.)
3. Esta quadra é muito tranquila. (This block is very quiet.)
4. Vou dar uma volta por este quarteirão. (I'm going to take a walk around this block.)
5. A escola fica no final da quadra. (The school is at the end of the block.)

Continental Portuguese (Typical Usage)

1. Eu vivo no próximo quarteirão. (I live in the next block.)
2. O posto de combustível fica a um quarteirão daqui. (The gas station is one block from here.)
3. Este quarteirão é muito calmo. (This block is very calm.)
4. Vou dar uma volta por este quarteirão. (I'm going to take a walk around this block.)
5. A escola fica no fim do quarteirão. (The school is at the end of the block.)