Is the word doces the same in Brazilian and European Portuguese?

No.

The differences lie in pronunciation and typical usage:

• Pronunciation: In Brazilian Portuguese, the "s" in doces is pronounced as a clear [s], and the final "e" is often reduced to an [i] sound (sounding like DOH-sees). In Continental Portuguese, the "s" is pronounced as [ʃ] (like the "sh" in "shoe"), and the final "e" is a reduced, nearly silent vowel (sounding like DOH-sh).
• Usage: In Brazil, doces is a broad, umbrella term used for all types of confectionery, including hard candies, lollipops, and chocolates. In Portugal, while doces refers to sweets and confections (such as doces de convento), the word rebuçados is the much more natural and common term for hard candies or lollipops. Additionally, the way one addresses someone (formal vs. informal) changes the verb conjugation in the sentences below.

Brazilian Portuguese

1. Eu amo doces. (I love sweets.)
2. Estes doces estão deliciosos. (These sweets are delicious.)
3. Comprei doces para a festa. (I bought candies for the party.)
4. As crianças adoram doces coloridos. (Children love colorful candies.)
5. Não coma tantos doces. (Don't eat so many sweets.)

Continental Portuguese

1. Gosto muito de doces. (I like sweets very much.)
2. Estes doces são deliciosos. (These sweets are delicious.)
3. Comprei rebuçados para a festa. (I bought hard candies for the party.)
4. As crianças adoram rebuçados coloridos. (Children love colorful hard candies.)
5. Não comas tantos doces. (Don't eat so many sweets.)