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Is the word cheguei the same in Brazilian and European Portuguese?

No

While the spelling and the literal meaning of "cheguei" (the first-person singular past tense of chegar) are identical in both variants, there are significant differences in usage and pronunciation.

Brazilian Portuguese Examples

  1. Cheguei em casa bem tarde. (I arrived home very late.)
  2. Cheguei no trabalho agora mesmo. (I just arrived at work.)
  3. Assim que eu cheguei, o telefone tocou. (As soon as I arrived, the phone rang.)
  4. Cheguei na estação de trem rapidinho. (I arrived at the train station very quickly.)
  5. Eu cheguei no Rio de Janeiro ontem. (I arrived in Rio de Janeiro yesterday.)

Portuguese Examples

  1. Cheguei a casa muito tarde. (I arrived home very late.)
  2. Cheguei ao trabalho agora mesmo. (I just arrived at work.)
  3. Mal cheguei, o telefone tocou. (As soon as I arrived, the phone rang.)
  4. Cheguei à estação de comboio rapidamente. (I arrived at the train station quickly.)
  5. Cheguei ao Porto ontem. (I arrived in Porto yesterday.)