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Is the word astronauta the same in Brazilian and European Portuguese?

Yes

The spelling, meaning, and grammatical usage of "astronauta" are identical in both Brazilian and Continental Portuguese. The only difference is pronunciation. In Brazilian Portuguese, the vowels are generally more open and the syllables are articulated more clearly. In Continental Portuguese, unstressed vowels (such as the final "a") are often reduced or "swallowed," which makes the word sound more clipped or shortened to a non-native ear.

Brazilian Portuguese Examples

  1. O astronauta voltou para a Terra. (The astronaut returned to Earth.)
  2. Eu sempre quis ser astronauta quando era criança. (I always wanted to be an astronaut when I was a child.)
  3. Aquele astronauta viajou para a Estação Espacial Internacional. (That astronaut traveled to the International Space Station.)
  4. É muito difícil o treinamento de um astronauta. (An astronaut's training is very difficult.)
  5. O primeiro astronauta brasileiro é uma inspiração. (The first Brazilian astronaut is an inspiration.)

Continental Portuguese Examples

  1. O astronauta regressou à Terra. (The astronaut returned to Earth.)
  2. Eu sempre quis ser astronauta quando era pequeno. (I always wanted to be an astronaut when I was young.)
  3. Aquele astronauta viajou até à Estação Espacial Internacional. (That astronaut traveled to the International Space Station.)
  4. O treino de um astronauta é muito exigente. (An astronaut's training is very demanding.)
  5. O primeiro astronauta brasileiro é uma fonte de inspiração. (The first Brazilian astronaut is a source of inspiration.)