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Is the word aprovou the same in Brazilian and European Portuguese?

No

The meaning, spelling, and grammar of "aprovou" are identical in both Brazilian and Continental Portuguese. However, there is a difference in typical usage. In Brazilian Portuguese, "aprovou" is frequently used as an intransitive verb to mean "to pass" an exam or test (e.g., ele aprovou na prova). In Continental Portuguese, this usage is much less common; a person would naturally use the verb passar or use the passive voice (foi aprovado) to express the same idea.

Brazilian Portuguese Examples

  1. Ele aprovou na prova de matemática. (He passed the math test.)
  2. O diretor aprovou o projeto final. (The director approved the final project.)
    1. A empresa aprovou o meu pedido de aumento. (The company approved my request for a raise.)
  3. O professor aprovou o aluno rapidamente. (The teacher passed the student quickly.)
  4. O governo aprovou a nova lei ontem. (The government approved the new law yesterday.)

Continental Portuguese Examples

  1. Ele passou no exame de matemática. (He passed the math exam.)
  2. O diretor aprovou o projeto final. (The director approved the final project.)
  3. A empresa aprovou o meu pedido de aumento. (The company approved my request for a raise.)
  4. O aluno foi aprovado pelo professor. (The student was passed by the teacher.)
  5. A nova lei foi aprovada pelo governo ontem. (The new law was approved by the government yesterday.)