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Is the word algodão the same in Brazilian and European Portuguese?

Yes

The spelling, meaning, and grammatical function of "algodão" are identical in both Brazilian and Continental Portuguese. The only difference lies in pronunciation. In Brazil, the unstressed "o" in the second syllable is typically pronounced as a clear [o], whereas in Portugal, unstressed vowels tend to be more closed, making the "o" sound much closer to a [u].

Brazilian Portuguese Examples

  1. Esta camiseta é de algodão. (This t-shirt is made of cotton.)
  2. Use um pedaço de algodão para limpar o ferimento. (Use a piece of cotton to clean the wound.)
  3. Passe o removedor de maquiagem no algodão. (Apply the makeup remover on the cotton.)
  4. A plantação de algodão está crescendo bem. (The cotton plantation is growing well.)
  5. Eu gosto de usar lençóis de algodão. (I like to use cotton sheets.)

Continental Portuguese Examples

  1. Esta t-shirt é de algodão. (This t-shirt is made of cotton.)
  2. Usa um bocado de algodão para limpar a ferida. (Use a bit of cotton to clean the wound.)
  3. Aplica o desmaquilhante no disco de algodão. (Apply the makeup remover on the cotton pad.)
  4. A plantação de algodão está a crescer bem. (The cotton plantation is growing well.)
  5. Comprei uma camisola de algodão. (I bought a cotton sweater.)